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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.Positive Frequency-Dependent SelectionIn positive...
Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness, disability,...
Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe and...
Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
The agent-host-environment model states that disease results from...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment
12:18

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: January 11, 2020

Disability, chronic illness, and risk selection.

A I Batavia1, G DeJong

  • 1School of Policy and Management, College of Health and Urban Affairs, Florida International University, North Miami, Florida, USA. batavia1957@hotmail.com

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
|April 11, 2001
PubMed
Summary

People with disabilities face health insurance risks due to risk selection. Reforms must ensure fair coverage and prevent discrimination for vulnerable populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Health Economics
  • Disability Studies
  • Insurance Law

Background:

  • Individuals with disabilities and chronic conditions are high-cost health care users, making them susceptible to risk selection in insurance.
  • Preferred risk selection by insurers can limit access to coverage for high-risk individuals.
  • Adverse selection, where high-risk individuals choose generous plans, can destabilize insurance markets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the multifaceted issue of risk selection in health insurance from a disability perspective.
  • To identify necessary components for addressing risk selection equitably for individuals with disabilities.
  • To propose solutions that ensure fair market conditions and prevent discrimination in health insurance.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing insurance practices and regulations, including the Americans with Disabilities Act.
  • Examination of the impact of risk selection on individuals with disabilities and the healthcare market.
  • Review of potential risk adjustment mechanisms sensitive to disability-related healthcare costs.

Main Results:

  • The Americans with Disabilities Act offers partial protection but does not eliminate all disability-based distinctions in insurance.
  • Risk selection poses significant threats to both access to coverage for high-risk individuals and the financial stability of responsive insurance plans.
  • Effective solutions require a balanced approach that accounts for healthcare costs, prevents adverse selection, avoids stigma, and promotes market fairness.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing risk selection is crucial for maintaining a viable market-based healthcare system that serves individuals with disabilities.
  • Risk adjustment strategies, such as those based on prior expenditures or disability-sensitive diagnostic indicators, may be effective.
  • Future reforms must prioritize equity, non-discrimination, and the specific healthcare needs of people with disabilities.