A real vessel phantom for flow imaging: 3-D Doppler ultrasound of steady flow

Vascular phantoms are used to assess the capabilities of various imaging techniques, such as x-ray CT and angiography, and B-mode, power Doppler, and colour Doppler ultrasound (US). They should, therefore, accurately mimic the vasculature, blood, and surrounding tissue, in regard to both imaging properties and vessel geometry. In the past, a variety of walled and wall-less vessel models have been used. However, these models only approximate the true vessel geometry, and generally lack pathologic features such as plaques or calcifications. To amend these deficiencies, we have developed a real vessel phantom for US and x-ray studies, which comprises a fixed human vessel specimen, cannulated onto two acrylic tubes, and embedded in agar in an acrylic box. Earlier, we demonstrated a good overall correlation between x-ray angiography, CT, and 3-D B-mode US images of this phantom. Here, we extend its use to flow imaging with 3-D power and 3-D colour Doppler US.