Brain extracellular glucose assessed by voltammetry throughout the rat sleep-wake cycle

In the present study, cortical extracellular levels of glucose were monitored for the first time throughout the sleep-wake states of the freely moving rat. For this purpose, polygraphic recordings (electroencephalogram of the fronto-occipital cortices and electromyogram of the neck muscles) were achieved in combination with differential normal pulse voltammetry (DNPV) using a specific glucose sensor. Data obtained reveal that the basal extracellular glucose concentration in the conscious rat is 0.59 +/- 0.3 m M while under chloral hydrate anaesthesia (0.4 g/kg, i.p.) it increases up to 180% of its basal concentration. Regarding the sleep-wake cycle, the existence of spontaneous significant variations in the mean glucose level during slow-wave sleep (SWS = +13%) and paradoxical sleep (PS = -11%) compared with the waking state (100%) is also reported. It is to be noticed that during long periods of active waking, glucose level tends towards a decrease that becomes significant after 15 min (active waking = -32%). On the contrary, during long episodes of slow-wave sleep, it tends towards an increase which becomes significant after 12 min (SWS = +28%). It is suggested that voltammetric techniques using enzymatic biosensors are useful tools allowing direct glucose measurements in the freely moving animal. On the whole, paradoxical sleep is pointed out as a state highly dependent on the availability of energy and slow-wave sleep as a period of energy saving.