Can airway complications following multilevel anterior cervical surgery be avoided?

The authors conducted a study to determine how to avoid emergency postoperative reintubation and its associated morbidity in patients who have undergone multilevel anterior-posterior cervical spine surgery.

In a group effort between the departments of anesthesia and neurosurgery, a protocol was developed to avoid having to reintubate patients postoperatively. As a preventative measure, patients remained intubated overnight; on the 1st postoperative day or thereafter, based on direct fiberoptic visualization of reactive tracheal swelling, an anesthesiologist extubated the patients. Fifty-eight patients underwent multilevel anterior corpectomy with fusion (ACF; with 41 receiving plates and 17 not receiving plates), posterior wiring and fusion (PWF), and application of a halo. On average, ACF involved three levels, whereas PWF included 6.5 levels. Surgery typically lasted 10 hours, and an average 2.6 U of blood was required. Forty patients were successfully extubated on the 1st, five on the 2nd, three on the 3rd, two on the 4th, two on the 5th, and three on the 7th postoperative day. Three elective tracheostomies were performed on the 7th postoperative day. Risk factors associated with delayed extubation or tracheostomy in 18 patients included: operative time longer than 10 hours (12 patients), obesity greater than 220 lbs (12 patients), transfusion of more than 4 U of blood (10 patients), ACF reoperations (nine patients), ACF including C-2 (seven patients), four-level ACF (five patients), and asthma (five patients). In the only case in which emergency reintubation was required, three risk factors were present.

Emergency reintubation following anterior-posterior cervical surgery and fusion can be avoided by maintaining intubation overnight and subsequently having an anesthesiologist remove the tube after healing is fiberoptically confirmed. Familiarity with major risk factors contributing to airway compromise, combined with this protocol, should minimize the significant morbidity associated with reintubation following multilevel anterior-posterior cervical fusion.