[Circumcision--criticism of the routine]

Area of Science:

• Urology
• Pediatrics
• Medical Ethics

Background:

• Circumcision is a frequent surgical procedure performed on males worldwide for various reasons, including medical necessity, religious/cultural practices, and routine newborn procedures.
• While rates vary globally, routine newborn circumcision is common in some countries, often performed without strict medical indication.
• The procedure is frequently perceived as safe and without disadvantages, despite evidence suggesting otherwise.

Purpose of the Study:

• To critically evaluate the medical necessity and benefits of male circumcision.
• To review the incidence of postoperative complications and long-term consequences.
• To examine the ethical implications of non-consensual neonatal circumcision.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on circumcision indications, outcomes, and complications.
• Analysis of data regarding the prevalence of circumcision globally and by region.
• Examination of medical and ethical arguments surrounding the procedure.

Main Results:

• Circumcision offers no general medical benefit in preventing urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, or cancers.
• Pathologic phimosis represents a medical indication for only 4% of male circumcisions.
• Postoperative complications occur in up to 2% of cases, with potential long-term discomfort and functional alterations reported.

Conclusions:

• Routine male circumcision lacks a clear medical justification and is associated with potential risks and permanent anatomical changes.
• The ethical basis for non-consensual neonatal circumcision is questionable, given the absence of proven benefits and the presence of risks.
• Medical professionals should carefully weigh the risks and benefits, prioritizing the child's best interests and informed consent.