A review of hepatitis E virus.

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of viral hepatitis in tropical/subtropical regions, often waterborne.
• Infection typically results in self-limiting jaundice, mainly affecting young adults (15-30 years), with a 0.5-3.0% mortality rate.
• Pregnancy dramatically increases mortality risk to 15-25% and leads to severe maternal and fetal complications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review key aspects of Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
• To cover the HEV agent, disease characteristics, diagnosis, and detection methods.
• To explore HEV transmission, epidemiology, at-risk populations, and the role of animals as potential vectors.

Main Methods:

• This is a review article, synthesizing existing knowledge on HEV.
• Information is compiled from various studies on HEV epidemiology, virology, and clinical manifestations.
• Literature search and analysis of data related to HEV transmission routes and animal reservoirs.

Main Results:

• HEV is zoonotic, with swine identified as a potential reservoir, closely related genetically to human strains.
• Swine farming areas pose a risk for HEV contamination of water, produce, and shellfish via manure.
• Globalization of food markets may introduce HEV into previously unaffected regions.

Conclusions:

• HEV is a significant public health concern with zoonotic potential, particularly from swine.
• Understanding HEV transmission, reservoirs, and epidemiology is crucial for prevention and control.
• Continued surveillance and research are needed, especially considering global food trade dynamics.