Chaos, ergodic convergence, and fractal instability for a thermostated canonical harmonic oscillator

The authors thermostat a qp harmonic oscillator using the two additional control variables zeta and xi to simulate Gibbs' canonical distribution. In contrast to the motion of purely Hamiltonian systems, the thermostated oscillator motion is completely ergodic, covering the full four-dimensional [q,p,zeta,xi] phase space. The local Lyapunov spectrum (instantaneous growth rates of a comoving corotating phase-space hypersphere) exhibits singularities like those found earlier for Hamiltonian chaos, reinforcing the notion that chaos requires kinetic-as opposed to statistical-study, both at and away from equilibrium. The exponent singularities appear to have a fractal character.