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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
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Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

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Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
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Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability
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Aluminium toxicokinetics: an updated minireview.

R A Yokel1, P J McNamara

  • 1College of Pharmacy and Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington 40536-0082, USA. ryokell@pop.uky.edu

Pharmacology & Toxicology
|April 27, 2001
PubMed
Summary

This review updates aluminium (Al) toxicokinetics, examining sources like food and water. New methods reveal Al absorption and distribution, highlighting the need to determine food

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Aluminium (Al) toxicokinetics review from 1990 updated with new data.
  • Growing concern regarding aluminium exposure from sources like drinking water.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To update and expand the understanding of aluminium toxicokinetics in humans.
  • To review common sources of human aluminium exposure and their bioavailability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 26Al analysis via accelerator mass spectrometry for physiological condition studies.
  • Reviewed existing literature on oral, inhalation, industrial, medicinal, and antiperspirant exposure routes.

Main Results:

  • Oral Al bioavailability from water is approximately 0.3%; food is a primary source, but its bioavailability is undetermined.
  • Inhalation bioavailability of soluble airborne Al is ~1.5% in industrial settings.
  • Systemic Al bioavailability from antiperspirants is up to 0.012%; intramuscular injection leads to eventual absorption.

Conclusions:

  • Aluminium distributes unevenly to tissues, with citrate potentially enhancing distribution and renal excretion.
  • Brain uptake may involve Al transferrin and Al citrate complexes, with carrier-mediated efflux observed.
  • Long elimination half-lives suggest bone as a reservoir; renal excretion is primary. Food's contribution to absorbed Al requires further determination.