G protein-coupled, extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+(o))-sensing receptor enables Ca2+(o) to function as a versatile extracellular first messenger

The cloning of a G protein-coupled, extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+(o))-sensing receptor (CaR) has afforded a molecular basis for a number of the known effects of Ca2+(o) on tissues involved in maintaining systemic calcium homeostasis, especially parathyroid gland and kidney. In addition to providing molecular tools for showing that CaR messenger RNA and protein are present within these tissues, the cloned CaR has permitted documentation that several human diseases are the result of inactivating or activating mutations of this receptor as well as generation of mice that have targeted disruption of the CaR gene. Characteristic changes in the functions of parathyroid and kidney in these patients as well as in the CaR "knockout" mice have elucidated considerably the CaR's physiological roles in mineral ion homeostasis. Nevertheless, a great deal remains to be learned about how this receptor regulates the functioning of other tissues involved in Ca2+(o) metabolism, such as bone and intestine. Further study of these human diseases and of the mouse models will doubtless be useful in gaining additional understanding of the CaR's roles in these latter tissues. Furthermore, we understand little of the CaR's functions in tissues that are not directly involved in systemic mineral ion metabolism, where the receptor probably serves diverse other roles. Some of these functions may be related to the control of intra- and local extracellular concentrations of Ca2+, while others may be unrelated to either systemic or local ionic homeostasis. In any case, the CaR and conceivably additional receptors/sensors for Ca2+ or other extracellular ions represent versatile regulators of a wide variety of cellular functions and represent important targets for novel classes of therapeutics.