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Related Experiment Videos

Air entrainment through free-surface cusps.

J Eggers1

  • 1Universität Gesamthochschule Essen, Fachbereich Physik, 45117 Essen, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|May 1, 2001
PubMed
Summary
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Air bubbles are drawn into industrial processes through cusp singularities on liquid surfaces. A new theory explains how air entrainment occurs via a sheet emanating from the cusp tip, confirmed by simulations and experiments.

Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Surface physics
  • Industrial process engineering

Background:

  • Air bubble entrapment is common in industrial liquid processes like pouring and coating.
  • Cusp singularities generically form on free liquid surfaces under certain conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a mechanism for air bubble entrapment in industrial liquid processes.
  • To explain the role of cusp singularities in air entrainment.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an analytical theory for air entrainment at cusp singularities.
  • Numerical simulations of fluid flow equations.
  • Qualitative comparison with experimental observations.

Main Results:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Air is drawn into the exponentially narrow channel of a cusp singularity.
  • The viscosity of air disrupts stationary solutions, causing a sheet to form and entrain air.
  • Analytical theory shows quantitative agreement with numerical simulations.

    • Conclusions:

    • Cusp singularities on free surfaces are the primary mechanism for air bubble entrapment in industrial liquid processes.
    • The proposed theory accurately describes air entrainment dynamics.
    • Findings align with experimental observations, validating the model.