Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 12, 2026

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries
Published on: November 10, 2014
Lithium dynamics in LiMn2O4 probed directly by two-dimensional (7)Li NMR
V W Verhoeven1, I M de Schepper, G Nachtegaal
1Interfaculty Reactor Institute, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands.
Abstract:
LiMn2O4 has been studied using magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR). 1D MAS NMR shows three Li resonances assigned to different crystallographic sites. At low temperatures an extra peak appears, indicating charge ordering of Mn3+ and Mn4+. Direct observation of the lithium dynamics was possible using rotor-synchronized 2D exchange NMR. A millisecond time scale exchange of lithium starts around 285 K between the 8a and the 16c site. At 380 K lithium even starts to hop between more than two sites. The activation energies and Li jump rates are derived and are in agreement with those determined macroscopically.
Related Concept Videos
Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei in a...
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution
Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling
Voltammetric Techniques: Linear-Scan (E vs Time)

