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Related Experiment Videos

Genes and environment in refractive error: the twin eye study.

C J Hammond1, H Snieder, C E Gilbert

  • 1Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom. ch@twin-research.ac.uk

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|May 1, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors significantly influence refractive errors like myopia and hyperopia, with heritability estimates up to 90%. Astigmatism inheritance appears to be predominantly genetic.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and genetics
  • Twin studies in human health

Background:

  • Refractive error, encompassing myopia and hyperopia, is a common visual condition.
  • Understanding the etiological factors, including genetic and environmental influences, is crucial for public health and clinical management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to refractive error using a classical twin study design.
  • To quantify the heritability of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism.

Main Methods:

  • Examined refractive error in 226 monozygotic (MZ) and 280 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs (aged 49-79 years).
  • Utilized a Humphrey-670 automatic refractor to measure spherical equivalent, total astigmatism, and corneal astigmatism.
  • Applied univariate and bivariate maximum likelihood model fitting to estimate genetic and environmental variance components.

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Main Results:

  • Myopia/hyperopia showed high heritability (84%-86% for continuous spectrum, up to 90% for binary traits).
  • Dominant genetic effects were significant for total astigmatism (47%-49%) and corneal astigmatism (42%-61%).
  • Additive genetic factors played a minor role in astigmatism (1%-4% for total, 4%-18% for corneal).

Conclusions:

  • Genetic factors are of major importance in the etiology of myopia and hyperopia.
  • Astigmatism appears to be inherited in a dominant genetic manner.