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Related Experiment Videos

Monochloramine decay in model and distribution system waters.

P J Vikesland1, K Ozekin, R L Valentine

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Water Research
|May 2, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Chloramines offer a stable disinfectant residual in water systems. This study validates a kinetic model for monochloramine auto-decomposition, crucial for understanding disinfection by-product formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Water Treatment Science
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Chloramines are utilized as disinfectants in water distribution systems, especially when free chlorine residuals are difficult to maintain or disinfection by-product (DBP) formation is a concern.
  • Despite lower reactivity than free chlorine, chloramines are inherently unstable, undergoing auto-decomposition that limits their maximum stability in water.
  • Understanding auto-decomposition is vital for modeling reactions with other substances and predicting DBP formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate and extend a recently developed kinetic model for chloramine auto-decomposition.
  • To adapt the model for realistic water distribution system conditions, including varying temperatures and carbonate levels.
  • To investigate the influence of bromide and nitrite on monochloramine decay and incorporate these inorganic demand pathways into the model.

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Main Methods:

  • Validation of a kinetic model for monochloramine auto-decomposition using studies of isolated reactions and the ammonia-chlorine system.
  • Experimental testing of the model's performance in water matrices typical of distribution systems.
  • Examination of the effects of carbonate, temperature, bromide, and nitrite on monochloramine stability and decay rates.

Main Results:

  • The kinetic model was validated and extended for use under realistic chloramination conditions.
  • The effects of carbonate and temperature on auto-decomposition rates were quantified.
  • The influence of bromide and nitrite on monochloramine decay was examined, with additional reactions proposed to account for their impact.

Conclusions:

  • The validated kinetic model accurately describes monochloramine auto-decomposition in distribution system waters.
  • The model can incorporate inorganic demand pathways, such as those involving bromide and nitrite, enhancing its predictive capabilities for water quality.
  • This research provides a fundamental understanding of chloramine stability, essential for optimizing water disinfection strategies and minimizing DBP formation.