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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Mouse fetuses by nuclear transfer from embryonic stem cells.

K Sato1, K Hosaka, S Ohi

  • 1Department of Applied Biological Science, Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences.

Human Cell
|May 2, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear transfer in mice using established ES cell lines via microinjection or electrofusion showed limited success. While embryos developed to fetuses, live births were not achieved, indicating challenges in cloning from cell lines.

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Area of Science:

  • Mammalian reproductive biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Mammalian cloning via nuclear transfer is primarily achieved through cell fusion (domestic animals) or nuclear microinjection (mice).
  • Previous cloning success predominantly utilized primary or freshly isolated cells, with limited data on established cell lines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of two nuclear transfer methods—cell fusion and nuclear microinjection—for producing cloned mouse embryos from an established embryonic stem (ES) cell line.
  • To compare the developmental potential of reconstructed embryos derived from the TT2 ES cell line using both techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Nuclear microinjection of nuclei from the TT2 ES cell line into reconstructed oocytes.
  • Electrofusion of the TT2 ES cell line with enucleated oocytes to create reconstructed embryos.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

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Published on: November 30, 2006

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection
09:30

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

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  • In vitro culture of reconstructed embryos to the morula/blastocyst stage.
  • Transfer of in vitro-developed embryos to pseudopregnant female mice for assessment of in vivo development.

    • Main Results:

    • Nuclear microinjection resulted in 16% of reconstructed oocytes developing to the morula/blastocyst stage in vitro.
    • Fifty percent of microinjected embryos developed to fetuses by 14 days post-coitum (dpc), but implantation sites degenerated by 20 dpc.
    • Embryos reconstructed by electrofusion showed similar in vitro development but lower rates of subsequent development after transfer, with no live-born pups obtained.

    Conclusions:

    • Cloning mouse embryos from the TT2 ES cell line using nuclear transfer (both microinjection and electrofusion) resulted in fetal development but failed to produce live births.
    • Established ES cell lines present challenges for successful mammalian cloning compared to primary or freshly isolated cells.
    • Further optimization of nuclear transfer techniques is required for efficient cloning from established cell lines.