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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes
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Recombination between paralogues at the Rp1 rust resistance locus in maize.

Q Sun1, N C Collins, M Ayliffe

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.

Genetics
|May 3, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Maize Rp1-D resistance to rust is complex, involving nine genes. Unequal crossing over between these genes, particularly within coding regions, explains the loss or alteration of resistance, highlighting gene evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Molecular evolution
  • Crop resistance

Background:

  • The Rp1 locus in maize controls resistance to common rust, caused by Puccinia sorghi.
  • The HRp1-D haplotype comprises Rp1-D and eight paralogues, many encoding nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying variations in Rp1-D-mediated rust resistance.
  • To understand the role of paralogue evolution and recombination in shaping resistance phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Sequence analysis of Rp1-D and its paralogues within the HRp1-D haplotype.
  • Comparative genomics to identify polymorphisms and recombination events.
  • Analysis of gene transcription and protein domains.

Main Results:

  • Paralogues exhibit significant polymorphism, especially in the C-terminal LRR domain.
  • Evidence suggests past recombination events and diversifying selection acting on paralogues.
  • Loss or alteration of Rp1-D resistance is linked to unequal crossing over within coding regions, often involving an untranscribed paralogue.

Conclusions:

  • Unequal crossing over is a primary driver of resistance variation at the Rp1 locus.
  • Gene conversion and recombination between paralogues contribute to the evolution of NBS-LRR genes.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for breeding durable rust resistance in maize.