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Antigen-presenting cell activation: a link between infection and autoimmunity?

S Kissler1, S M Anderton, D C Wraith

  • 1Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|May 4, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Infections may trigger autoimmune diseases like type I diabetes by activating antigen-presenting cells. This process enhances T cell responses to self-antigens, increasing autoimmune disease risk in susceptible individuals.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases (e.g., type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis) are often linked to infections.
  • Molecular mimicry has been studied as a mechanism, but no single infectious agent is definitively causative.
  • An alternative hypothesis suggests infections non-specifically increase autoimmune attack likelihood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how infectious agents can promote autoimmune responses.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which infections activate autoreactive T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on antigen-presenting cell activation by infectious agents.
  • Analysis of co-stimulatory molecule upregulation on antigen-presenting cells.
  • Assessment of the impact on T cell activation thresholds.

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Main Results:

  • Infectious agents can activate antigen-presenting cells.
  • This activation leads to the engagement of autoreactive T cells with innocuous self-antigens.
  • Upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules lowers the activation threshold for T cells.

Conclusions:

  • Infectious agents can initiate autoimmune attacks through non-specific mechanisms.
  • Activation of antigen-presenting cells by diverse pathogens explains autoimmune disease onset in susceptible individuals.
  • This provides a framework for understanding the link between infection and autoimmunity.