Biology of the anococcygeus muscle

The anococcygeus is a smooth muscle tissue of the urogenital tract which, in the male, runs on to form the retractor penis. The motor innervation is classically sympathetic with noradrenaline as transmitter, but the relaxant parasympathetic transmitter has only recently been identified as nitric oxide. Indeed, the anococcygeus has provided an extremely useful model with which to probe the mechanisms underlying this novel nitrergic system, including the importance of physiological antioxidants in maintaining the potency of nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter. The cellular mechanisms of contraction and relaxation are slowly being clarified, with particular interest in the contribution of capacitative calcium entry and the guanylyl cyclase/cyclic GMP system. Many questions remain unanswered, however, including the precise physiological role of the muscle, the identity of substances released from subcellular vesicles of nitrergic nerves, the unusual sensitivity of the tissue to certain peptides (oxytocin and urotensin II), and the nature of store-operated channels through which calcium enters the cell to maintain contraction.