1Department of Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. r.fogel@saunalahti.fi
Cigarette smoking elevates the risk of low back pain by accelerating disc degeneration and spinal instability. Increased proteolytic activity in smokers may worsen these spinal conditions.
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Area of Science:
Background:
Purpose of the Study:
Main Methods:
Main Results:
Conclusions: