Related Concept Videos
01:23Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence
Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
01:20Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
01:22Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation
The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
01:30Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference
In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
01:26Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
01:29Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab
AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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An EM algorithm for estimating SPECT emission and transmission parameters from emissions data only.
A Krol1, J E Bowsher, S H Manglos
1SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Radiology, Syracuse 13210, USA. krola@mail.upstate.edu
IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
|May 9, 2001
Summary
A new Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, EM-IntraSPECT, estimates single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) attenuation and emission parameters from emission data alone. This method shows promise for improved SPECT imaging by reconstructing accurate attenuation maps.
Area of Science:
- Medical Imaging
- Nuclear Medicine
- Image Reconstruction
Background:
- Accurate attenuation correction is crucial for quantitative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging.
- Traditional methods often require separate transmission scans, increasing scan time and complexity.
- Estimating attenuation from emission data alone could simplify SPECT protocols.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and evaluate a novel maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (ML-EM) algorithm, EM-IntraSPECT.
- To enable simultaneous estimation of SPECT emission and attenuation parameters using only emission data.
- To assess the algorithm's performance in simulated and phantom studies.
Main Methods:
- Developed the EM-IntraSPECT algorithm utilizing patient's radiotracer activity as transmission sources.
- Tested the algorithm on computer-simulated thorax data and physical SPECT phantom data.
- Performed two evaluations: estimating attenuation with fixed emission, and simultaneous estimation of both parameters.
Main Results:
- Accurate reconstruction of attenuation parameters was achieved when emission parameters were fixed.
- Simultaneous estimation of emission and attenuation parameters showed crosstalk and dependence on initial values.
- Reconstructed attenuation images clearly distinguished anatomical structures like lungs and spine.
- EM-IntraSPECT improved uniformity of cardiac activity estimates compared to standard EM with uniform attenuation, especially with tight support.
Conclusions:
- EM-IntraSPECT offers a viable approach for estimating SPECT attenuation parameters from emission data alone.
- The algorithm has potential applications in improving SPECT quantitative accuracy and simplifying imaging protocols.
- Further research is needed to address crosstalk and optimize performance with broad support regions.