Lupus antibody bivalency is required to enhance prothrombin binding to phospholipid

Lupus anticoagulants (LA) are a family of autoantibodies that are associated with in vitro anticoagulant activity but a strong predisposition to in vivo thrombosis. They are directed against plasma phospholipid-binding proteins including prothrombin. We have proposed that LA propagates coagulation in flowing blood by facilitating prothrombin interaction with the damaged blood vessel wall. A murine monoclonal anti-prothrombin Ab and three of three LA IgGs enhanced prothrombin binding to 75:25 phosphatidyl choline:phosphatidyl serine vesicles measured by either ultracentrifugation or right-angle light scattering. The assembly of prothrombin and LA IgG on phospholipid vesicles was estimated by surface plasmon resonance. The on rates for prothrombin and LA IgG were approximately the same as the on rate for prothrombin alone. In contrast, the off rates for prothrombin and LA IgG were 2- to 3-fold slower than the off rate for prothrombin. LA IgG bivalency was required for enhanced prothrombin binding to phospholipid vesicles, as Fab of the LA IgGs did not influence prothrombin binding at concentrations up to 40 microM. Modeling of the interactions of prothrombin, LA IgG and phospholipid vesicles indicated that augmentation of prothrombin binding to phospholipid vesicles by LA IgG could be accounted for by the bivalency of the LA IgG and the elevated microenvironmental concentration of prothrombin on the surface of phospholipid vesicles.