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Related Concept Videos

Buoyancy01:12

Buoyancy

When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. All objects in a fluid experience a buoyant force. For example, a metal ball sinks, while a rubber ball floats. Similarly, a submarine can sink and float by adjusting its buoyancy.  The concept of buoyancy raises several interesting questions. For instance, where does this buoyant force come from? How much buoyant force is required to make an object sink or float? Do objects that sink get any support at all from the fluid? 
To get...
Density and Archimedes' Principle01:05

Density and Archimedes' Principle

When a lump of clay is dropped into water, it sinks. But if the same lump of clay is molded into the shape of a boat, it starts to float. Because of its shape, the clay boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force, even though its mass is the same. The same holds true for steel ships. The average density of an object majorly determines if the object will float. If an object's average density is less than that of the surrounding fluid, it will float. The reason...
Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
Applications of Integration to Find Hydrostatic Pressure01:30

Applications of Integration to Find Hydrostatic Pressure

Hydrostatic force is a fluid's total force at rest on a surface. For a horizontal surface submerged at a fixed depth, the pressure is constant and calculated as the product of fluid density, gravitational acceleration, and depth. In the case of a vertical dam wall submerged in water, this force is not evenly distributed due to the increasing pressure with depth. This variation arises from the cumulative weight of the water above each point. Integration is used to account for the continuous...
Marine Microbial Ecology01:30

Marine Microbial Ecology

Marine microbial ecosystems are shaped by distinct physicochemical limits, including high salinity, low nutrient availability, and fluctuating oxygen levels. These conditions favor smaller microbial cell sizes, which maximize their surface-to-volume ratio for efficient nutrient uptake.Microbial activity and community composition are closely linked to biogeochemical cycles, particularly in dynamic environments like estuaries, where halotolerant microbes thrive in response to variable salinity...
Deep Sea Microbial Ecology01:18

Deep Sea Microbial Ecology

The deep ocean and its underlying sediments represent vast, largely unexplored microbial habitats that extend far beyond the sunlit photic zone. The photic (euphotic) zone typically spans the upper ~100–200 meters of pelagic waters in the open ocean, but its depth varies geographically and seasonally, where sufficient light supports photosynthetic life. Below this lies the deep sea, spanning roughly 1000–6000 meters (bathypelagic to abyssal zones), with deeper hadal trenches extending beyond...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles
09:01

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles

Published on: April 19, 2018

Oceanography. Vertical mixing in the ocean.

D J Webb1, N Suginohara

  • 1Southampton Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK. david.webb@soc.soton.ac.uk

Nature
|May 9, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study revises ocean thermohaline circulation, suggesting more Southern Ocean upwelling and separating water cells. This reduces the energy needed for deep ocean mixing.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An Ultra-clean Multilayer Apparatus for Collecting Size Fractionated Marine Plankton and Suspended Particles
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Published on: April 19, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Oceanography
  • Climate Science
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • The ocean's thermohaline circulation is driven by density differences, primarily from sinking cold, salty water in polar regions.
  • Upwelling in the deep ocean, crucial for returning water to the surface, is often attributed to breaking internal waves.
  • Discrepancies exist between theoretical models and observational data regarding the extent of vertical mixing in the deep ocean.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reconcile theoretical and observed estimates of deep ocean vertical mixing.
  • To present a revised model of the thermohaline circulation.
  • To investigate the energy requirements for deep ocean mixing.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing oceanographic data and theoretical models.
  • Development of a revised conceptual model for ocean circulation.
  • Comparison of energy dissipation estimates under different circulation scenarios.

Main Results:

  • The revised model incorporates significant upwelling in the Southern Ocean.
  • The North Atlantic Deep Water cell is now considered separate from the Antarctic Bottom Water cell.
  • The revised circulation model requires substantially less wind and tidal energy for deep ocean dissipation than previously thought.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed revision offers a more accurate representation of the thermohaline circulation.
  • This revised understanding has implications for the global ocean energy budget.
  • Further research is needed to validate these findings with comprehensive observational data.