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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract I: Health History01:28

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract I: Health History

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract is critical to patient care. It allows healthcare professionals to identify and manage various respiratory conditions. The process involves a combination of subjective and objective data collection.
Subjective Data
Subjective data provides vital information about the patient's health history and symptoms. This data is typically collected through interviews in which patients describe their experiences, symptoms, and concerns.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Clinically relevant frontal sinus anatomy and physiology.

R B McLaughlin1, R M Rehl, D C Lanza

  • 1Director of Aesthetic Surgery Services, Kaiser Permanente Hospital System, Sacramento, California, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|May 10, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Endoscopic sinus surgery has advanced frontal sinus disease management, requiring otolaryngologists to master complex anatomy. Understanding this anatomy is key to effectively treating frontal sinus disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Frontal sinus disease management has significantly evolved.
  • Endoscopic paranasal sinus instrumentation has become central to treatment.
  • This evolution necessitates enhanced anatomical expertise among otolaryngologists.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of anatomical competence in managing frontal sinus disease.
  • To emphasize the link between understanding complex anatomy and successful surgical outcomes.
  • To underscore how anatomical knowledge aids in targeting disease predispositions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of advancements in endoscopic sinus surgery techniques.
  • Analysis of the complex anatomy of the frontal sinus and anterior ethmoid complex.
  • Correlation of anatomical understanding with treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Endoscopic instrumentation has revolutionized frontal sinus disease treatment.
  • A deep understanding of frontal sinus and anterior ethmoid anatomy is crucial.
  • Targeting specific anatomical abnormalities improves management outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Mastery of complex frontal sinus and anterior ethmoid anatomy is essential for otolaryngologists.
  • Enhanced anatomical knowledge improves the effectiveness of both medical and surgical interventions.
  • Successful management of frontal sinus disease relies on precise anatomical targeting.