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Emperor penguins and climate change.

C Barbraud1, H Weimerskirch

  • 1Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villiers en Bois, France. barbraud@tour-du-valat.com

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|May 11, 2001
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Summary

Emperor penguin populations declined 50% due to reduced adult survival linked to warmer seas and less sea ice. This highlights emperor penguins

Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Climate science
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Ocean-atmosphere interactions significantly impact Southern Ocean sea ice and ecosystems.
  • Predicting climate change effects on marine predators requires long-term demographic data.
  • Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are key Antarctic predators sensitive to environmental shifts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term demographic impacts of oceanographic changes on emperor penguins.
  • To analyze the relationship between sea-ice extent, sea-surface temperature, and penguin survival and reproduction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the longest available time series of emperor penguin demographic parameters (over 50 years).
  • Correlated population changes with historical sea-surface temperature and sea-ice extent data.

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  • Analyzed differential mortality and reproductive success based on sex and environmental conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Emperor penguin population in Terre Adélie decreased by 50% over 50 years.
    • A significant decline in adult survival occurred during a warm period with reduced sea ice in the late 1970s.
    • Increased mortality was linked to warm sea-surface temperatures and reduced sea-ice extent, with higher rates in males; fewer eggs were hatched with extended winter sea ice.

    Conclusions:

    • Large-scale oceanographic processes and sea-ice dynamics strongly influence emperor penguin demography.
    • Emperor penguins exhibit high susceptibility to climate change impacts.
    • Environmental shifts pose a significant threat to the long-term viability of emperor penguin populations.