Disruption of cochlear potentials by chemical asphyxiants. Cyanide and carbon monoxide

While ischemia, hypoxic hypoxia, and carbon monoxide (CO) have received extensive study designed to characterize mechanisms by which they disrupt cochlear function, little data are available concerning cyanide's potential to disrupt auditory function. In this study, disruption of the compound action potential (CAP) and endocochlear potential (EP) by cyanide and CO was compared in rats treated with potassium cyanide (KCN) (7 mg/kg ip), saline, CO (35 ml/kg ip), and air. Acute KCN administration significantly suppressed CAP and EP transiently. The effect was seen initially on EP with CAP impairment occurring a few minutes later. Acute CO injection also suppressed the CAP significantly, but the effect was far smaller, occurred later in time, and lasted longer than the effect of KCN. The effect of CO on EP was equivocal. There was a good correspondence between blood cyanide levels and impairment of cochlear function; carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels were elevated during the period when cochlear function was impaired, but recovery of cochlear function preceded the return of normal oxyhemoglobin. Both KCN and CO had somewhat preferential effects on high-frequency tones. Repeated cyanide administration caused a persistent CAP threshold elevation despite the rapid recovery of EP and CAP observed following acute KCN administration. The data suggest that acute KCN administration has a prominent disruptive effect at the stria vascularis presumably by disrupting the electron transport chain in this metabolically active structure. The principal target for acute CO ototoxicity in the cochlea is probably not the stria vascularis.