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[Acute coronary syndromes: an update. II. Coronary revascularization and risk stratification]
1II. Interne Abteilung mit Kardiologie und Internistischer Intensivmedizin, Allgemeines Offentliches Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Schwestern vom Heiligen Kreuz, Wels, Osterreich. johann.auer@khwels.at
Insights
Coronary revascularization procedures like percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) carry risks, but intracoronary stents and new medications improve outcomes. Risk stratification is key for unstable angina patients.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Interventional Cardiology
Background:
- Unstable angina (UA) and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) present significant risks, including death and further cardiac events within weeks.
- Elevated troponin I levels and reversible ST segment depression are critical indicators of increased mortality risk in these patients.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the risks and benefits of coronary revascularization procedures for unstable angina.
- To highlight the role of intracoronary stents and adjunctive pharmacologic therapies in improving patient outcomes.
- To outline the decision-making process for selecting the appropriate revascularization strategy.
Main Methods:
- Risk stratification using clinical presentation, troponin levels, and stress testing (exercise or pharmacologic).
- Evaluation of medical therapy including antiplatelet, antithrombotic, beta-blockers, nitrates, and calcium-channel blockers.
- Consideration of early glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, especially for high-risk patients and those undergoing stent implantation.
Main Results:
- Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for refractory unstable angina has risks like death, MI, and restenosis.
- Intracoronary stents significantly improve both short-term and long-term outcomes.
- Newer pharmacologic therapies further enhance the benefits of stenting.
Conclusions:
- The choice of revascularization (CABG, PTCA, stenting, atherectomy) depends on coronary anatomy, left ventricular function, and patient/physician factors.
- Approximately 50-60% of unstable angina patients require angiography and revascularization due to medical therapy failure.
- High-risk patients with persistent ischemic symptoms need urgent invasive evaluation and treatment.
Unlabelled:
CORONARY REVASCULARIZATION: PTCA in patients with refractory unstable angina is associated with a substantial risk of the following complications: death, myocardial infarction, need for emergency surgery, and restenosis. The introduction of intracoronary stents, however, has improved both short-term and long-term outcomes. The newer adjunctive pharmacologic therapies enhance even further the benefits associated with the use of stents. The decision regarding the specific revascularization procedure to be used (e.g., CABG, PTCA, stent placement, or atherectomy) is based on the coronary anatomy, the left ventricular function, the experience of the medical and surgical personnel, the presence or absence of coexisting illnesses, and the preferences of both the patient and the physician.
Risk Stratification:
Among patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, there is an increased risk of death within 6 weeks in those with elevated troponin I levels and the risk of death continues to increase as the troponin level increases. Reversible ST segment depression is associated with an increase by a factor of 3-6 in the likelihood of death, myocardial infarction, ischemia at rest, or provocable ischemia during a test to stratify risk. Exercise or pharmacologic stress testing provides important information about a patient's risk. Although the conditions of the majority of patients with unstable angina will stabilize with effective antiischemic medications, approximately 50-60% of such patients will require coronary angiography and revascularization because of the "failure" of medical therapy. High-risk patients are those who have had angina at rest, prolonged angina, or persistent angina with dynamic ST segment changes or hemodynamic instability, and they urgently require simultaneous invasive evaluation and treatment. Medical therapy should be adjusted rapidly to relieve manifestations of ischemia and should include antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, or ticlopidine or clopidogrel if aspirin is contraindicated), antithrombotic therapy (unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin), beta-blockers, nitrates, and possibly calcium-channel blockers. Early administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors may be particularly important, especially in high-risk patients with positive troponin tests or those in whom implantation of coronary stents is anticipated.