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Caloric restriction and cancer.

D Kritchevsky1

  • 1The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology
|May 15, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Caloric restriction, or reduced food intake, inhibits tumor growth and progression. This energy restriction enhances DNA repair and reduces oncogene expression, offering insights into cancer prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Early observations in 1909 by Moreschi indicated that underfeeding inhibited tumor growth in mice.
  • Subsequent research confirmed that caloric restriction negatively impacts both transplanted and spontaneous tumor growth.
  • Methodological limitations initially hindered research, with significant advancements occurring in the 1940s and resurgence in the 1980s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical and contemporary understanding of the relationship between caloric restriction and cancer.
  • To explore the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms through which energy restriction influences tumor development.
  • To highlight recent findings regarding energy restriction's effects on DNA repair, oxidative damage, gene expression, and hormonal pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of research on caloric restriction and tumor growth, from early observations to modern molecular studies.
  • Analysis of studies utilizing defined diets to isolate the effects of caloric content.
  • Examination of contemporary research investigating molecular mechanisms, including DNA repair, oxidative stress, oncogene expression, and hormonal influences.

Main Results:

  • Caloric restriction consistently demonstrates an inhibitory effect on tumor growth across various models.
  • Energy restriction enhances DNA repair mechanisms and reduces oxidative DNA damage.
  • Caloric restriction impacts oncogene expression, insulin metabolism, and hormonal pathways (e.g., adrenal and pituitary function), potentially through a 'pseudohypophysectomy' effect.

Conclusions:

  • Caloric restriction is a significant factor in modulating cancer development and progression.
  • Mechanisms involve enhanced DNA repair, reduced oxidative stress, altered oncogene expression, and hormonal pathway modulation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides a basis for developing novel cancer prevention and therapeutic strategies.

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