Evaluation of the human nickel retention model with workplace data

A previously developed dosimetry model of inhaled Ni compounds in the human lung has been expanded by incorporating three additional factors: (1) inhalability, (2) mixed breathing mode, and (3) clearance rate coefficient of a Ni compounds' mixture. Predicted lung burdens of Ni compounds from the expanded model for workers at different departments in a Ni refinery plant compared favorably with the reported data. Although many uncertainties remain, the present model represents a first step toward developing a more meaningful risk assessment tool that will allow for more accurate extrapolation of animal data to humans.