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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Cultivation of the Marine Pelagic Tunicate Dolioletta gegenbauri (Uljanin 1884) for Experimental Studies
09:39

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Published on: August 9, 2019

Colonial nervous control of lophophore retraction in cheilostome Bryozoa.

J P Thorpe, G A Shelton, M S Laverack

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |June 4, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    Nervous impulses trigger rapid lophophore retraction in bryozoans, propagating through a colonial nerve plexus. Individual zooids also showed a second impulse, and their retractor muscles contract exceptionally fast.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine biology
    • Neurophysiology
    • Invertebrate zoology

    Background:

    • Bryozoans like Membranipora membranacea and Electra pilosa exhibit complex behaviors such as lophophore retraction.
    • Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying these behaviors is crucial for invertebrate neurobiology.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To record and analyze nervous impulses associated with lophophore retraction in bryozoans.
    • To investigate the speed and pathways of neural signal propagation in these colonial organisms.
    • To characterize the contractile properties of the retractor muscles involved.

    Main Methods:

    • External electrodes were used to record electrical activity.
    • Nervous impulses during lophophore retraction were measured.
    • Signal propagation speed was calculated.

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  • Muscle contraction speed was assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • Nervous impulses causing widespread lophophore retraction were successfully recorded.
    • The response propagated at approximately 100 cm/s, likely via a colonial nerve plexus.
    • Rapid impulse conduction (up to 200/s) and a secondary impulse from individual zooids were observed.
    • The retractor muscle demonstrated extremely rapid shortening (>20 times its length/s).

    Conclusions:

    • A colonial nerve plexus facilitates rapid signal transmission for coordinated behavior in bryozoans.
    • Bryozoan nervous systems are capable of generating rapid, high-frequency impulses.
    • The retractor muscle of bryozoan zooids exhibits exceptionally fast contraction, potentially the fastest known muscle.