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Invited review: Intermittent hypoxia and respiratory plasticity.

G S Mitchell1, T L Baker, S A Nanda

  • 1Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|May 18, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Intermittent hypoxia causes long-term facilitation (LTF), a lasting increase in respiratory motor output. This plasticity involves serotonin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, enhancing breathing control.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Intermittent hypoxia induces long-term facilitation (LTF), a persistent increase in respiratory motor output lasting hours.
  • LTF is a form of respiratory plasticity, sensitive to the pattern of hypoxic exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying LTF, focusing on pattern sensitivity and molecular pathways.
  • To investigate the role of serotonin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in LTF.

Main Methods:

  • Studied LTF in various experimental preparations, examining responses to intermittent versus sustained hypoxia.
  • Investigated cell signaling, protein synthesis, and neurotrophin involvement in the spinal cord.

Main Results:

  • LTF is triggered by intermittent, not sustained, hypoxia, highlighting pattern sensitivity.

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  • Episodic spinal serotonin receptor activation initiates signaling, increasing spinal protein synthesis, including BDNF.
  • Increased BDNF is hypothesized to enhance glutamatergic currents in phrenic motoneurons.

    • Conclusions:

    • LTF involves pattern-sensitive mechanisms initiated by serotonin receptor activation and mediated by BDNF.
    • Respiratory plasticity, like LTF, adapts system performance to changing physiological demands.
    • LTF exhibits heterogeneity and is influenced by factors like age, gender, and genetics.