Mechanistic studies of reaction coupling in Glu-tRNAGln amidotransferase

Organisms lacking Gln-tRNA synthetase produce Gln-tRNA(Gln) from misacylated Glu-tRNA(Gln) through the transamidation activity of Glu-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase (Glu-AdT). Glu-AdT hydrolyzes Gln to Glu and NH(3), using the latter product to transamidate Glu-tRNA(Gln) in concert with ATP hydrolysis. In the absence of the amido acceptor, Glu-tRNA(Gln), the enzyme has basal glutaminase activity that is unaffected by ATP. However, Glu-tRNA(Gln) activates the glutaminase activity of the enzyme about 10-fold; addition of ATP elicits a further 7-fold increase. These enhanced activities mainly result from increases in k(cat) without significant effects on the K(m) for Gln. To determine if ATP binding is sufficient to induce full activation, we tested a variety of ATP analogues for their ability to stimulate tRNA-dependent glutaminase activity. Despite their binding to Glu-AdT, none of the ATP analogues induced glutaminase activation except ATP-gammaS, which stimulates glutaminase activity to the same level as ATP, but without formation of Gln-tRNA(Gln). ATP-gammaS hydrolysis by Glu-AdT is very low in the absence or presence of Glu-tRNA(Gln) and Gln. In contrast, Glu-tRNA(Gln) stimulates basal ATP hydrolysis slightly, but full activation of ATP hydrolysis requires both Gln and Glu-tRNA(Gln). Simultaneous monitoring of ATP or ATP-gammaS hydrolysis and glutaminase and transamidase activities reveals tight coupling among these activities in the presence of ATP, with all three activities waning in concert when Glu-tRNA(Gln) levels become exhausted. ATP-gammaS stimulates the glutaminase activity to an extent similar to that with ATP, but without concomitant transamidase activity and with a very low level of ATP-gammaS hydrolysis. This uncoupling between ATP-gammaS hydrolysis and glutaminase activities suggests that the activation of glutaminase activity by ATP or ATP-gammaS, together with Glu-tRNA(Gln), results either from an allosteric effect due simply to binding of these analogues to the enzyme or from some structural changes that attend ATP or ATP-gammaS hydrolysis.