Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 24, 2026

Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
Published on: November 20, 2016
Accuracy of estimation of external blood loss by EMS personnel
K Patton1, D L Funk, M McErlean
1Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
Background:
Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel provide care in the out-of-hospital setting. The EMS report, including blood volume estimates, influences hospital management. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of EMS blood volume estimates.
Methods:
In this prospective, observational study, EMS providers were asked to view four simulated blood loss scenarios in random order. Each scenario used a specific volume of spilled blood corresponding to the loss likely to cause the four classes of hemorrhagic shock. Estimates are reported using median and interquartile ranges.
Results:
Ninety-two EMS providers gave 368 estimates. Only 8% were within 20% of the actual volume. Furthermore, only 24% were within 50% of actual volume. There was no correlation between accuracy and any demographic variable, level of training, or years of EMS experience.
Conclusion:
EMS personnel are unable to estimate "blood" volume accurately irrespective of level of training.
Related Concept Videos
Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure
This invasive approach involves cannulating a peripheral artery. During each cardiac contraction, pressure generates mechanical motion within the catheter, transmitted through rigid, fluid-filled tubing to a transducer. This transducer converts mechanical motion into electrical signals displayed as waveforms on a monitor. An automatic flushing system prevents blood backflow. Due to the potential risk of unexpected arterial blood loss, this method is primarily used in intensive...
Errors occurring during blood pressure monitoring
Several factors...
Assessing Blood pressure using a doppler ultrasound
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Doppler Ultrasound Blood Pressure Assessment:
Preparation of Equipment:
Special considerations while measuring blood pressure
Monitoring Both Arms:
Monitoring BP in both arms during the initial assessment is advisable, as the systolic value may differ by five to ten mm Hg between arms. For subsequent BP assessments, use the arm with the higher reading.
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure

