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Related Concept Videos

Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Crossing over01:34

Crossing over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Conversion of Units01:36

Conversion of Units

Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
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Related Experiment Video

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Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Published on: November 12, 2016

Converting currencies in the Old World.

A Mederos1, C C Lamberg-Karlovsky

  • 1Departamento de Prehistoria, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Nature
|May 25, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Archaeological evidence reveals Bronze Age trade networks across the Old World. A simple, universal weight conversion system likely facilitated this ancient commerce between 2500 and 1000 BC.

Area of Science:

  • Archaeometallurgy
  • Ancient Economics
  • Bronze Age Trade Networks

Background:

  • Archaeological findings of raw materials indicate extensive long-distance trade during the Bronze Age.
  • Trade networks connected regions including the Indus Valley, Persian Gulf, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the eastern Mediterranean.
  • Disparate weight systems across regions suggest a need for a standardized conversion method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify a potential universal conversion system for Bronze Age trade weights.
  • To explain the economic mechanism facilitating ancient commercial exchange networks.
  • To provide an economic key to understanding Old World trade between 2500 and 1000 BC.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of raw material distribution from archaeological sites.

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Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
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Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

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Last Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
11:44

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Published on: April 16, 2018

  • Comparative study of weight systems used in different ancient regions.
  • Reconstruction of a plausible conversion system based on trade evidence.

    • Main Results:

    • Evidence suggests the existence of sophisticated long-distance trade networks during the Bronze Age.
    • A simple and universal weight conversion system is proposed.
    • This system likely enabled economic exchange across diverse regions.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed conversion system offers a plausible explanation for the economic integration of ancient trade networks.
    • This system served as a crucial tool for facilitating commerce in the Old World.
    • Understanding this system enhances our knowledge of Bronze Age economic history.