[Lipid vectors. New strategies for gene therapy]

Phospholipids are capable of spontaneous self-assembling, a remarkable differential property if compared with the rest of biological molecules. By their means it is relatively easy to generate extremely stable sealed structures, with controlled shape, size and packing, known as liposomes. In this article, we review the use of liposomes to improve the transfection process in eucaryotic cells, in vitro as well as in vivo. By employing lipid vectors, it is feasible to selectively transport a DNA segment to any target of the body, to force it to enter a cell and once inside it, to exert a control on its ultimate intracellular fate. The goal of lipid vectors to successfully transfect a cell in vivo, lies on the provision of a mechanical protection for DNA against plasma degradation, together with the possibility of controlling DNA biodistribution, independently of its size and sequence. Moreover, lipid vectors are not carcinogenic and are poorly immunogenic. Current challenge in lipid synthesis allows for a vector design which should be efficient enough to compete with high transfection levels of a viral vector, but with the extreme versatility, simplicity and biosafety characteristic of self assembling molecules.