ACP Best Practice No 164: Necropsy techniques in ophthalmic pathology

Much important information can be obtained at necropsy by the pathological examination of the eye and its adnexal structures in adults and children. This information may be related to the cause of death (for example, violent shaking trauma in physical child abuse), or may pertain to disease processes affecting the eye, the orbit, and surrounding structures outside the orbit. This article reviews the technical methods used to remove the following: the vitreous (for example, for biochemistry); the eye itself (anterior approach); the eye and orbital contents (posterior approach); the eye, orbit and orbital walls; and the eye, orbital walls, and surrounding structures. The removal of the eye and adnexal ocular structures must be recognised as a "culturally sensitive" issue, which must be approached cautiously. It should only be undertaken for sound scientific reasons, with the fully informed consent of the relatives and/or the coroner (or equivalent authority), and with properly agreed procedures for the eventual retention or disposal of the ocular tissues. For this reason, this article reviews not only the scientific indications and methods for the removal of such tissues, but also the legal and ethical issues that must underpin this pathology "best practice".