Analysis of outcome variables of a token economy system in a state psychiatric hospital: a program evaluation

This study describes the outcome of a token economy treatment applied to 2 distinct patient populations on the same unit of a state psychiatric hospital: individuals with a dual diagnosis of mental retardation and a DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis of either (a) a severe behavior disorder (BD) or (b) a serious and persistent psychiatric disorder (PD). Results showed that patients in the PD group were more likely to complete the treatment (17/20) than those in the BD group (17/31) who were more likely to be terminated from the program (14/31). Individuals who did not complete the program were distinguished early, within the first 3 weeks of treatment. These noncompleters received significantly more fines and earned significantly fewer tokens than those who completed the program. At an average of 2.7 years post-discharge, there was no difference in the proportion of PD (12/16) and BD completers (9/11) and BD noncompleters (3/7) remaining in the community. These data show that diverse populations of patients can be treated within the same token economy program, thereby improving cost effectiveness. Future research should be directed toward characterizing those patients (e.g., BD) less likely to succeed when they enter treatment, and determining if modifications in the program can improve that outcome.