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Cremasteric reflex and retraction of a testis
M Bingöl-Koloğlu1, F C Tanyel, B Anlar
1Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
Insights
The cremasteric reflex (CR) in boys varies significantly with age, with a positive reflex observed more frequently in older children. This study suggests the reflex does not cause prolonged testicular elevation, and retractile testes may stem from cremaster muscle changes.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Surgery
- Urology
- Developmental Biology
Background:
- The cremasteric reflex (CR) plays a role in testicular positioning.
- Understanding CR characteristics is crucial for diagnosing conditions like retractile testes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To define the clinical characteristics of the cremasteric reflex (CR) in boys.
- To assess the potential for CR to cause prolonged suprascrotal testicular elevation.
Main Methods:
- Evaluated 500 boys aged 3 days to 16 years for CR presence and characteristics.
- Measured testicular position difference (TPD), duration of elevated position (DEP), interval for re-evoking CR (IRCR), and reproducibility (R).
- Compared CR parameters across age groups and analyzed associations between parameters.
Main Results:
- Positive CR prevalence varied by age, increasing significantly from 38.1% in 2-4 year olds to over 70% in older boys.
- The 5-8 year age group showed the highest contralateral activations, mean TPD, mean R, longest mean DEP, and mean IRCR.
- No direct correlation found between highest TPD and shortest IRCR/highest R, or between longest DEP/shortest IRCR and other hypersensitivity indicators.
Conclusions:
- The presence and characteristics of the cremasteric reflex differ substantially across pediatric age groups.
- Prolonged suprascrotal testicular elevation due to CR activation appears unlikely.
- Retractile testes may result from alterations in the cremaster muscle itself rather than a hyperactive reflex.
Purpose:
A clinical study has been planned to define the clinical characteristics of cremasteric reflex (CR) for deciding on the possibility of a prolonged suprascrotal stay of a testis through this reflex.
Methods:
Five hundred boys from 3 days to 16 years of age were divided into 6 groups according to their ages and were evaluated for the presence of the CR. After evoking CR, the presence or absence of changes in testicular location and the most elevated position of the testis were recorded. Testicular position difference (TPD), the duration of the stay of testis in the most elevated position (DEP), and the interval for reevoking the CR (IRCR) were determined. The number of consecutive responses after repetitive evokings were recorded as reproducibility (R). Mean TPD, DEP, IRCR, and R values for both sides were calculated and compared among groups. The boys with a positive reflex were classified further according to their TPD, DEP, IRCR, and R values. Three groups were established according to the aforementioned criteria by dividing the values into 3 equal parts. The association of each of the parameters to other parameters were compared.
Results:
Bilateral positive CR was encountered in 42.7% of newborns, 36.3% of the boys between 1 month and 1 year old, 38.1% of the boys between 2 years and 4 years old, 75.2% of the boys between 5 years and 8 years old, 70.3% of the boys between 9 years and 12 years old, and 72.1% of the boys between 13 and 16 years old. The highest percentage of the contralateral activations during ipsilateral evokings were encountered in boys who were between 5 and 8 years of age. The highest mean TPD and mean R, the longest mean DEP, and mean IRCR were encountered in boys between 5 and 8 years of age. Boys with the highest TPD did not have shortest IRCR and highest R values. Similarly, boys with the longest DEP or shortest IRCR and highest R values did not have the association of other parameters that would suggest a hypersensitivity.
Conclusions:
The rate of presence and the characteristics of a positive CR vary largely. However, suprascrotal location of a testis for extended periods through the activation of this reflex does not seem to be likely. Instead of a hyperactive reflex, the clinical condition, so called the retractile testis, might have resulted through alterations within the cremaster muscle itself. J Pediatr Surg 36:863-867.