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[Iatrogenic effects of orthodontic therapy]
R M Kiekens1, A M Kuijpers-Jagtman
1Afdeling Orthodontie en Orale Biologie van de Katholieke Universiteit te Nijmegen.
Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Tandheelkunde
|June 1, 2001
Abstract:
Iatrogenic effects of orthodontic treatment are root resorption, pulpal changes, decalcifications and white spots, gingival and periodontal changes, enamel surface changes, temporomandibular dysfunction, immunological reactions, pain and discomfort, and accidents. The authors discuss these items and give, if possible, tips to prevent or reduce these effects.