[Reparation and revision 3. Perforations during root canal treatment]

Iatrogenic perforations from the pulp cavity towards the periodontium result in complications that often lead to root or tooth removal. Identification of perforations is possible by direct observation of bleeding, indirect bleeding assessment using paperpoints, radiography and an apex locator. Successful treatment depends mainly on immediate sealing and prevention of infection. Several factors affect the achievement of these goals, such as time of occurrence, size and location of the perforation and the lability of the repair material to seal the lesion. An overview is presented of diagnosis, prognosis and non-surgical treatment of perforations.