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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

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Elbow load during pushup at various forearm rotations.

S Lou1, C J Lin, P H Chou

  • 1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|June 8, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Performing pushups with internally rotated forearms increases elbow joint stress, potentially causing injury. Modifying forearm rotation during pushups can help reduce harmful shear forces and protect the elbow.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Pushup exercises benefit upper extremity muscles and joints.
  • Excessive elbow shear forces during pushups can lead to injuries, particularly for individuals with elbow prostheses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate elbow joint loading during pushup exercises with varying forearm rotations.
  • To investigate the impact of forearm rotation on elbow joint kinematics and kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects performed pushups in neutral, 90 degrees internal rotation, and 90 degrees external rotation forearm positions.
  • Elbow joint kinematics and kinetics were measured under these conditions.

Main Results:

  • Elbow joint loading biomechanics varied significantly with forearm rotation.
  • Internal rotation of the hand position resulted in greater posterior and varus forces on the elbow.

Conclusions:

  • Pushups with internally rotated hands should be avoided to prevent excessive shear forces and moments.
  • Understanding elbow joint kinematics and kinetics aids in injury prevention by adjusting forearm rotation to reduce shear forces.