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Updated: Oct 7, 2026

Methods for Studying Uterine Contributions to Pregnancy Establishment in an Ovariectomized Mouse Model
Published on: April 7, 2023
Pharmacokinetics of progesterone administered by the oral and parenteral routes
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, WCH 1-M-2, MC-9999, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Abstract:
Progestogens, which include the natural hormone, progesterone, and synthetic steroid derivatives, are used to treat a variety of reproductive disorders. Since synthetic progestogens are often associated with undesirable side effects, improved formulations and modes of administration of progesterone have been sought. In order to find an optimal therapeutic agent, different progesterone formulations and routes of administration have been studied. This paper explains several methods of measuring progesterone levels and summarizes clinical data on the pharmacokinetic profiles of natural progesterone administered by the oral, intramuscular, vaginal, intranasal, percutaneous, sublingual and rectal routes.
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