[Candidiasis among non-neutropenic patients: from colonization to infection]

Invasive candidiasis is a dread complication in hospitalized patients, characterized by a mortality comparable to that of septic shock (40% to 60%). Its incidence in hospitalized patients is 0.5/1000 admissions, but it complicates about 10 per 1,000 admissions in critical care where it represents 10% to 15% of all nosocomial infections. Although a high proportion of hospitalized patients may become colonized with Candida spp, the clinical signs of infection manifest only late, rending it difficult to diagnose. A better knowledge of their pathophysiology and the availability of triazoles compounds, less toxic than amphotericin B, allowed the concept of early empirical or preemptive treatment. These strategies are based on the prompt identification of risk factors and require continuous attention from skilled physicians. However, the prescription of triazoles has to be restricted to carefully selected groups of patients to avoid the emergence and the dissemination of resistant strains.