The VO2 slow component in swimming

S Demarie1, F Sardella, V Billat

  • 1Rome University Institute of Motor Sciences, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 15, 00194 Foro Italico Rome, Italy. s.demarie@libero.it

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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
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Exercise and Cardiac Output

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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Preload
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