Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex, leading to...
Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because succinylcholine...
Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids01:31

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids

In the complex environment of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion can lead to the formation or worsening of ulcers within the delicate mucosal layer. Antacids, such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, provide relief by neutralizing this acid, transforming it into harmless salt and water. This neutralization process raises the gastric pH from a highly acidic level of 1 to a more basic 3-4, reducing the acidity within the stomach.
However, this neutralization reaction between...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The effect of harvesting the central one-third of the patellar tendon on patellofemoral contact pressure.

The American journal of sports medicine·1992
Same author

Psychiatric diagnostic profiles in hospitalized adolescent and adult Navajo Indians.

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology·1992
Same author

Inhibition through negative priming with Stroop stimuli in schizophrenia.

The British journal of clinical psychology·1992
Same author

Coronary angioplasty of chronic occlusions: factors predictive of procedural success.

American heart journal·1992
Same author

Perio and practice management: the inextricable link.

Journal (Canadian Dental Association)·1992
Same author

Results of coronary angioplasty in patients aged 75 years and older.

Chest·1992
Same journal

CTCF-rs705704-SUOX axis is important for the association between hypothyroidism and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

Gut·2026
Same journal

<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> infection, treatment and colorectal cancer risk by genetic predisposition: evidence from two randomised trials.

Gut·2026
Same journal

Correction: Sodium+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide as target therapy for liver fibrosis.

Gut·2026
Same journal

Correction: Blockade of interleukin 10 potentiates antitumour immune function in human colorectal cancer liver metastases.

Gut·2026
Same journal

Cancer risk in autoimmune gastritis: perspectives from a Chinese cohort.

Gut·2026
Same journal

Efficacy of gut-brain neuromodulators and brain-gut behaviour therapies for irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Gut·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
11:07

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: December 19, 2014

Deoxycholate depresses small-intestinal enzyme activity.

M Gracey, M Houghton, J Thomas

    Gut
    |January 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Oral sodium deoxycholate temporarily reduced rat small intestinal enzyme activity. Brush border enzymes recovered within days, but the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase showed no recovery within 96 hours.

    More Related Videos

    Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol
    10:12

    Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

    Published on: March 25, 2020

    Functional Assessment of Intestinal Tight Junction Barrier and Ion Permeability in Native Tissue by Ussing Chamber Technique
    06:43

    Functional Assessment of Intestinal Tight Junction Barrier and Ion Permeability in Native Tissue by Ussing Chamber Technique

    Published on: May 26, 2021

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

    Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
    11:07

    Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

    Published on: December 19, 2014

    Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol
    10:12

    Enrichment of Mammalian Tissues and Xenopus Oocytes with Cholesterol

    Published on: March 25, 2020

    Functional Assessment of Intestinal Tight Junction Barrier and Ion Permeability in Native Tissue by Ussing Chamber Technique
    06:43

    Functional Assessment of Intestinal Tight Junction Barrier and Ion Permeability in Native Tissue by Ussing Chamber Technique

    Published on: May 26, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Gastroenterology
    • Biochemistry
    • Enzymology

    Background:

    • Bile salts, like sodium deoxycholate, play crucial roles in digestion.
    • Understanding the impact of bile salts on intestinal enzyme function is vital for digestive health.
    • Specific enzymes in the small intestine are responsible for nutrient breakdown and absorption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of oral sodium deoxycholate administration on the activity of key small intestinal enzymes in rats.
    • To differentiate the recovery patterns of brush border enzymes versus lysosomal enzymes following bile salt exposure.

    Main Methods:

    • Rats were orally administered sodium deoxycholate for four days.
    • Activity levels of specific small intestinal enzymes, including lactase, sucrase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase, and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, were measured.
    • Enzyme activity was monitored over time after the removal of sodium deoxycholate from the diet.

    Main Results:

    • Sodium deoxycholate significantly depressed the activity of all tested small intestinal enzymes.
    • Alkaline phosphatase (a brush border enzyme) activity recovered rapidly, exceeding normal levels within 24 hours.
    • Disaccharidase activities (lactase, sucrase, maltase - brush border enzymes) returned to normal within seven days.
    • N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (a lysosomal enzyme) activity showed no recovery within 96 hours after bile salt withdrawal.

    Conclusions:

    • Short-term oral exposure to sodium deoxycholate disrupts small intestinal enzyme function.
    • Brush border enzymes exhibit varying degrees of rapid recovery, while lysosomal enzymes may have a prolonged or absent recovery period.
    • These findings highlight differential enzyme susceptibility and recovery kinetics following bile salt insult, with implications for intestinal health and disease.