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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Structure01:33

Atomic Structure

All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Together, these three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.The History of Atomic TheoryThe first person to propose that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles was the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 450 B.C. He used the term atomos, Greek for “indivisible,” from which the modern term “atom” is derived.
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations03:18

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
12:13

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

Published on: June 10, 2010

Deterministic delivery of a single atom.

S Kuhr1, W Alt, D Schrader

  • 1Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. kuhr@iap.uni-bonn.de

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 16, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We created a deterministic single-atom source using cold cesium atoms. This technology allows precise atom transport and controlled ejection for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic physics
  • Quantum optics
  • Precision measurement

Background:

  • Generating and manipulating single atoms is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Existing methods often lack precision or deterministic control.
  • Cesium atoms are well-suited for laser cooling and trapping experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a deterministic source of single atoms.
  • To achieve precise spatial control and transport of individual atoms.
  • To enable controlled ejection of single atoms for further applications.

Main Methods:

  • Loading cold cesium atoms into a standing-wave dipole trap from a magneto-optical trap.
  • Adiabatically transporting single atoms using controlled motion of the standing wave.
  • Observing trapped atoms via direct fluorescence detection.
  • Accelerating the trapping field to eject atoms into free flight.

Main Results:

  • Realization of a deterministic source providing single cesium atoms.
  • Submicrometer precision transport of atoms over centimeter distances.
  • Direct observation of displaced atoms through fluorescence.
  • Ejection of single atoms with well-defined velocities.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a robust and precise way to generate and manipulate single atoms.
  • This deterministic single-atom source is a significant advancement for quantum information processing and atom optics.
  • The ability to precisely control atom position and velocity opens new avenues for atom-based quantum devices.