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Mammalian play: training for the unexpected
M Spinka1, R C Newberry, M Bekoff
1Ethology Group, Research Institute of Animal Production, CZ-104 01 Prague-Uhrínĕves, Czech Republic. spinka@vuzv.cz
The Quarterly Review of Biology
|June 21, 2001
Summary
Play behavior trains mammals to handle unexpected events by practicing loss of control, enhancing emotional and movement flexibility. This "training for the unexpected" helps animals cope with stressful situations and adapt to novel stimuli.
Area of Science:
- Ethology
- Animal Behavior
- Evolutionary Psychology
Background:
- Play behavior is observed across mammalian species but its adaptive function remains poorly understood.
- Previous hypotheses struggle to explain the diverse and seemingly purposeless elements of play.
- Play involves a complex interplay of motor control, emotional regulation, and cognitive processing.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce a novel conceptual framework for understanding the function of mammalian play behavior.
- To propose and test the 'training for the unexpected' hypothesis for play.
- To explain puzzling aspects of play, including its kinematic, emotional, and cognitive dimensions.
Main Methods:
- Review and synthesis of existing empirical evidence on play behavior across mammals.
- Development of a new theoretical framework based on the 'training for the unexpected' hypothesis.
- Generation of 24 testable predictions derived from the new framework and comparison with alternative hypotheses.
Main Results:
- The 'training for the unexpected' hypothesis posits that play enhances flexible responses to sudden loss of control.
- Play involves self-handicapping behaviors that create temporary loss of control, facilitating adaptive learning.
- This framework accounts for kinematic, emotional, cognitive, and phylogenetic aspects of play, including the 'fun' emotional state.
Conclusions:
- Play serves a crucial adaptive function by preparing animals for unpredictable events and stressful situations.
- The proposed framework integrates motor control, emotional coping, and cognitive demands of play.
- This hypothesis offers a parsimonious explanation for diverse play phenomena and individual coping strategies.
