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Updated: Aug 18, 2026
Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia
Published on: August 24, 2011
Epidemiology of hypoxaemia in children with acute lower respiratory infection
1Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia. jmlozano@javeriana.edu.co
Insights
Hypoxaemia is a common complication of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in young children, especially those with severe illness or at high altitudes. Early detection and oxygen therapy are crucial for reducing mortality risks in these vulnerable children.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Infectious Diseases
- Respiratory Medicine
Background:
- Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) are a leading cause of mortality in children under five globally.
- Hypoxaemia, or low oxygen levels, is a significant but often under-recognized complication of ALRI.
- Understanding the prevalence and risk factors of hypoxaemia is critical for improving child survival rates.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the prevalence of hypoxaemia in children under five with ALRI.
- To identify risk factors associated with hypoxaemia in this population.
- To assess the association between hypoxaemia and mortality in children with ALRI.
Main Methods:
- A systematic review of published literature was conducted.
- Included cohort studies reporting hypoxaemia frequency and mortality association in children under five with ALRI.
- Analyzed data from 17 studies encompassing 4,021 children across 10 countries.
Main Results:
- Prevalence of hypoxaemia varied significantly by disease severity, from 6-9% in outpatients to 72% in radiographically confirmed pneumonia.
- Hypoxaemia was more frequent in children at high altitudes.
- A positive association was found between hypoxaemia and increased risk of death (relative risks 1.4-4.6).
Conclusions:
- Hypoxaemia is a common and life-threatening complication of ALRI in young children, particularly those with severe disease or living at high altitudes.
- High prevalence and association with mortality underscore the need for improved hypoxaemia detection.
- Earlier oxygen administration for children with severe ALRI is recommended to reduce mortality.
Objectives:
To determine the prevalence of hypoxaemia in children aged under 5 years suffering acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), the risk factors for hypoxaemia in children under 5 years of age with ALRI, and the association of hypoxaemia with an increased risk of dying in children of the same age.
Design:
Systematic review of the published literature.
Settings:
Out-patient clinics, emergency departments and hospitalisation wards in 23 health centres from 10 countries.
Subjects:
Cohort studies reporting the frequency of hypoxaemia in children under 5 years of age with ALRI, and the association between hypoxaemia and the risk of dying.
Main Outcome Measures:
Prevalence of hypoxaemia measured in children with ARI and relative risks for the association between the severity of illness and the frequency of hypoxaemia, and between hypoxaemia and the risk of dying.
Results:
Seventeen published studies were found that included 4,021 children under 5 with acute respiratory infections (ARI) and reported the prevalence of hypoxaemia. Out-patient children and those with a clinical diagnosis of upper ARI had a low risk of hypoxaemia (pooled estimate of 6% to 9%). The prevalence increased to 31% and to 43% in patients in emergency departments and in cases with clinical pneumonia, respectively, and it was even higher among hospitalised children (47%) and in those with radiographically confirmed pneumonia (72%). The cumulated data also suggest that hypoxaemia is more frequent in children living at high altitude. Three papers reported an association between hypoxaemia and death, with relative risks varying between 1.4 and 4.6. Papers describing predictors of hypoxaemia have focused on clinical signs for detecting hypoxaemia rather than on identifying risk factors for developing this complication.
Conclusion:
Hypoxaemia is a common and potentially lethal complication of ALRI in children under 5, particularly among those with severe disease and those living at high altitude. Given the observed high prevalence of hypoxaemia and its likely association with increased mortality, efforts should be made to improve the detection of hypoxaemia and to provide oxygen earlier to more children with severe ALRI.
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