Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children

Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children is a relatively uncommon but potentially serious disease. Improvements in radiologic imaging, most notably magnetic resonance imaging, and a heightened awareness of this condition have led to earlier detection and resultant marked decreases in morbidity and mortality. Staphylococcus aureus, which has the ability to bind to cartilage, produce a protective glycocalyx, and stimulate the release of endotoxins, accounts for 90% of infections in all age groups. Infections with Haemophilus influenzae have become rare in immunized children. A careful history and a thorough physical examination remain important. Positive cultures are obtained in only 50% to 80% of cases; the yield is improved by the use of blood cultures and evolving molecular techniques. Improvements in antibiotic treatment have lessened the role of surgery in managing these infections. Sequential intravenous and high-dose oral antibiotic therapy is now an accepted modality. Evaluation of response to treatment by monitoring C-reactive protein levels has decreased the average duration of therapy to 3 to 4 weeks with few relapses. The emergence of antibiotic resistance, particularly resistance to methicillin and vancomycin by S aureus organisms, is of increasing concern. Long-term sequelae and morbidity are primarily due to delays in diagnosis and inadequate treatment.