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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
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Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

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The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites

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Liquid crystal alignment on carbonaceous surfaces with orientational order.

J Stohr1, M G Samant, J Luning

  • 1IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 26, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Liquid crystal alignment on carbon surfaces is achieved by controlling surface bond order. Near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy reveals how orientational order directs liquid crystal alignment.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Liquid crystal (LC) alignment layers are crucial for display technologies.
  • Carbonaceous surfaces are potential candidates for LC alignment layers.
  • Understanding the relationship between surface properties and LC alignment is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between orientational bond order on carbonaceous surfaces and the direction of liquid crystal alignment.
  • To establish the scientific basis for using amorphous carbon films as LC alignment layers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy.
  • Analyzed three types of carbonaceous surfaces: rubbed polyimide, ion beam-irradiated polyimide, and ion beam-irradiated diamondlike carbon films.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a direct correlation between the orientational bond order at the carbonaceous surface and the direction of LC alignment.
  • Showed that LC alignment can be induced on virtually any carbonaceous substrate by engineering surface orientational order.

Conclusions:

  • Surface orientational order is the key factor determining LC alignment direction on carbonaceous substrates.
  • Directional low-energy ion beam treatment of amorphous carbon films can create effective LC alignment layers.
  • This research provides a foundation for developing advanced LC alignment materials.