Anergy and acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the retrovirus associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), acts as a super-antigen by binding to the variable region of the beta (V beta) chain of T-cell receptor (TCR). It's binding to CD4 molecules and chemokine receptors induces a spectrum of immune abnormalities including 'a state of anergy' in the host. This state is due to a defective function of T-helper cell-1 (Th-1), a reduction in production of lymphokines required for signal transduction, an impaired cytotoxic cell activation and a decrease in antigen presenting function of monocyte-macrophage cell lineage. These immune abnormalities form the basis for severe opportunistic infections and malignancies in the host. Malnutrition, micronutrient abnormalities, concomitant infections and genetic factors, etc., are some of the compounding co-factors that further contribute to 'the state of anergy'.