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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Archival Research01:40

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations
09:07

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015

Random research.

L A Moyé1

  • 1University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA. lmoye@utsph.sph.uth.tmc.edu

Circulation
|June 27, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prospective research design is crucial for medical studies. Adhering to a pre-defined plan ensures reliable results, as demonstrated by the Carvedilol Heart Failure and ELITE studies.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research methodology
  • Clinical trial design
  • Public health research

Background:

  • Accelerated dissemination of treatment discoveries is increasing pressure on research promulgation.
  • Computing advances facilitate rapid sharing of medical findings.
  • Public health diseases require timely research updates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the rationale for prospective research design in nonmathematical terms.
  • To highlight the importance of adhering to a research plan.
  • To illustrate consequences of abandoning prospective research.

Main Methods:

  • Explanation of research tenets using nonmathematical language.
  • Case study analysis of the US Carvedilol Heart Failure program.
  • Case study analysis of the Evaluation of Losartan In the Elderly (ELITE) study.

Main Results:

  • Prospective research design is vital for valid scientific conclusions.
  • Deviations from a research plan can lead to unreliable outcomes.
  • Adherence to "first say what you will do, then do what you said" is essential.

Conclusions:

  • Emphasize the critical role of prospective research in medical science.
  • Advocate for rigorous adherence to pre-defined research protocols.
  • Underscore the negative impact of abandoning planned research methodologies.